Income tax explained
Income tax is a form of tax that UK taxpayers pay the government on their income. You’re not only taxed on your personal income, but you might also be taxed on other income sources such as dividends and interest from savings over a certain amount. On this page, you’ll learn what income tax is, how it’s calculated and what the income tax rates are in the UK.
Income tax definition: Income tax is the tax you have to pay on your annual earnings or, if you’re self-employed, any profit you make
Different rates: The rate of income tax depends on how much you earn and which tax band you fall into – the higher your income, the more tax you’ll pay
Personal allowance: Most people have a personal allowance (£12,570 in 2024/25), which allows them to earn up to a certain amount tax-free
What is income tax and what is it used for?
Income tax* is the tax you have to pay the government based on your yearly income. If you’re self-employed, you’ll pay taxes on any profit you make. This includes income from products and services that you sell online.
Income tax is the government’s main source of revenue and is collected by HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) on their behalf. The government uses the revenue from income tax to provide funding for public services such as the NHS, education and the welfare system. This revenue is also used for other investments for public use, such as road construction, railways and housing.
Who pays income tax?
Income tax applies to most types of income, including the salary you earn from your job, profit earned from your business, pensions, and even the rent you receive if you’re a landlord. Corporations, estates and other types of entities are also required to pay tax on their profits.
You might not have to pay income tax on all of your income, because most people qualify for one or more types of tax-free allowances or tax relief. An allowance is the amount of taxable income you can earn before paying income tax (more on that below).
How is income tax calculated?
Income tax is made up of different bands. Your income tax will be calculated based on the income tax band you’re in. The more income you earn, the higher your tax band, which means you’ll pay a higher amount of income tax. Income tax bands are designed to make paying tax as fair as possible to everyone, so that those who earn the most, contribute more.
Income tax rates in the UK
The following table shows the income tax rates in the UK, which are based on how much you earn in the tax year 6 April 2024 to 5 April 2025.
For more detailed information, read our page on income tax rates and tax brackets.
Income tax band | Taxable income | Tax rate |
|---|---|---|
Personal allowance | £0–£12,570 | 0% (no income tax payable) |
Basic rate | £12,571–£50,270 | 20% |
Higher rate | £50,271–£125,140 | 40% |
Additional rate | over £125,140 | 45% |
Budget 2024 - income tax
As part of the Autumn Budget 2024, Chancellor Rachel Reeves announced no changes to the rates of income tax. However, the current freeze on income tax and employee National Insurance contribution thresholds will not be extended beyond 5 April 2028, at which point they will rise in line with inflation.
What are the tax-free state benefits?
Tax-free state benefits are benefits that you can earn without having to pay income tax. The following are the most common state benefits** that aren’t taxed:
- Attendance allowance
- Bereavement support payment
- Child benefit (although you may need to pay the High Income Child Benefit Tax Charge if you earn over £50,000)
- Child tax credits
- Income-related employment and support allowance
- Industrial injuries benefit
- Lump-sum bereavement payments
- Maternity allowance
- Pension credit
- Personal independence payment
- Severe disablement allowance
- Universal credit
- War widow’s pension
- Winter fuel payments and Christmas bonus
- Working tax credit
- Disability living allowance
- Guardian’s allowance
- Housing benefit
- Income support
Other state benefits, such as jobseeker’s allowance and your state pension, are taxable, so they should be included if you have to complete a self-assessment tax return.
* https://www.gov.uk/income-tax
** https://www.gov.uk/income-tax/taxfree-and-taxable-state-benefits